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National Congress for the Defence of the People
The National Congress for the Defence of the People ((フランス語:Congrès national pour la défense du peuple), CNDP) is a political armed militia established by Laurent Nkunda in the Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in December 2006. The CNDP was engaged in the Kivu conflict, an armed conflict against the military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In January 2009, the CNDP split and Nkunda was arrested by the Rwanda government. The remaining CNDP splinter faction, led by Bosco Ntaganda, was planned to be integrated into the national army.
== History ==
Gen. Laurent Nkunda had been a senior officer in the rebel Congolese Rally for Democracy (Goma faction) after 1998. Following the end of the war in 2003, he was offered a position in the army of the transitional government but refused to join out of fear that he would be arrested due to the International Criminal Court investigation against him. In 2004 his troops attacked Bukavu before retreating, but he rebelled again in November 2006 and attacked Goma. After sustaining heavy casualties in battle with the Pakistani battalion of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo, he entered negotiations with the government and agreed to put his men into ''mixage'', which involved mixing rebel and non-rebel units together but is not ''brassage''.〔Prunier, p. 297-298, 322-323.〕 Perhaps inspired by the recently concluded general elections, when Nkunda engaged in negotiations with Maj. Gen. John Numbi, at that time head of the Congolese air force, he declared the group he led to be the National Congress for the Defence of the People on 30 December 2006.〔("IV. "Mixage"-An Attempted Solution Fails" ) in ''Renewed Crisis in North Kivu'', Human Rights Watch, 22 October 2007〕〔("Condense du Cahier de Charges du Congrès national pour la défense du peuple" ), cndp-congo.org, 30 December 2006〕 Nkunda benefited greatly from ''mixage''; before 2007, he had two brigades while ''mixage'' created five mixed brigades. While numbers are disputed, Nkunda's two original brigades (the 81st and the 83rd) numbered about 2,200 men but by May 2007 some 8,000 to 8,500 men considered themselves under his command.〔 This expansion was at least partially accomplished because Nkunda began incorporating all manner of men with unclear backgrounds into the brigades under his control, including former Rwandan soldiers, members of former militias who had been demobilized and had no skills outside of war, and others simply attracted to his populist Tutsi rhetoric.〔〔Prunier, p. 323〕
Prior to ''mixage'', Nkunda's troops controlled a swathe of Masisi territory from Goma north through Sake, Kirolirwe and Kitchanga (Nkunda's homeland) and then further north and west. With his new ''mixage'' battalions, Nkunda was able to control large areas of Masisi and Rutshuru and expand north and east toward the border with Uganda. Newly formed national brigades were ordered to establish territorial control, which Nkunda took to mean fighting the Hutu Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (referred to as FDLR, from its French acronym) descended from the groups that carried out the Rwandan Genocide.〔 In late March 2007, Gen. Numbi left Goma in what the International Crisis Group sees as an attempt to distance himself from a disaster in the making, as accusations mounted that the CNDP was in effect setting up a small kingdom in Masisi.〔See, for example, ("For Tutsis of Eastern Congo, Protector, Exploiter or Both?" ) by Stephanie McCrummen, ''The Washington Post'', August 6, 2007〕 In late April, the military stopped the creation of the sixth brigade scheduled to be under Nkunda. The mixed brigades carried out offensives against the FDLR from mid-April to mid-May but, despite the claims of the CNDP, did poorly as they had little logistical support and the FDLR fought well.〔International Crisis Group, p. 10-11〕 The military demanded that the CNDP soldiers undergo ''brassage'', ''mixage'' having failed, and three months of standoff ensued as relations between soldiers loyal to Nkunda and loyalist troops grew increasingly tense. Matters reached a breaking point when the army chief of staff declared that the offensive against the FDLR would be halted.〔("Rwanda anger at Congo rebel move" ), ''BBC News'', 15 August 2007〕 After an international outcry, he reversed himself but stated that only units that had undergone ''brassage'' would be allowed to fight, apparently in the belief that the all-Tutsi CNDP units were more likely to be indiscriminately violent towards the mostly Hutu population of the FDLR heartland. On 28 August 2007, soldiers loyal to Nkunda ambushed pro-Kinshasa soldiers of the Bravo brigade in Rubare. Within days the CNDP-government violence had vastly escalated and the government was carrying out full-scale offensives against the CNDP by 6 September.〔International Crisis Group, p. 11-13〕
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